Body systems {digestive system}| can eat food, break food into small molecules, absorb them, remove water from unabsorbed food, and pass rest out body. Digestive system has mouth, teeth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, gall bladder, liver, large intestine or colon, rectum, and anus. Digestion processes food, absorbs nutrients, and excretes waste.
Glands {endocrine system}| can secrete hormones into blood using tubes or using diffusion {ductless gland}.
functions
Hormones travel in blood to other organs to trigger internal behaviors and regulate and coordinate body organs.
parts
Endocrine system has pituitary, parathyroid, thyroid, adrenal, hypothalamus, pancreas, ovary, testes, and placenta.
receptors
Hormones bind to cell-membrane receptor proteins. Receptor proteins have three parts: outside receptor, membrane region, and cytoplasm enzymatic region.
signal
Enzymatic region contains tyrosine, to which phosphate can bind and unbind. Cell-signaling molecules have enzymatic regions and non-enzymatic modules {SH2 module} {SH3 module} for binding phosphate to tyrosine and for aligning with receptor-protein enzymatic-region hydrophobic regions.
adapter
SAP and other cell-signaling molecules {adapter molecule} can link several functional domains to involve other enzymes, to coordinate signaling and timing. Adapter molecules make cellular scaffolding to transmit signals.
diseases
Diseases can involve too much or too little signaling. Cancer and X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) disease have too much signaling. Immune diseases, type-2 diabetes, HIV, and black-death bacteria (Yersinia pestis) have too little signaling.
Body systems {excreting system}| can remove catabolic products from blood, regulate acidity and water level, and pass catabolites out body. Excreting system has kidney, ureter, bladder, and urethra.
Body systems {integument system}| can cover and protect body. Integument has skin, nails, and hair.
Body systems {muscular system}| can provide force for body-part movements. Muscular system has involuntary and voluntary muscles.
Sense receptors, neurons, sense peripheral nerves, sensory spinal cord, ganglia, brainstem, cerebellum, cerebrum, motor spinal cord, and motor peripheral nerves {nervous system}| have separate peripheral, central, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nervous systems. Nervous system signals, integrates, and regulates body functions. Autonomic nervous system includes sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. All mammals have similar nervous systems.
Body systems {respiratory system}| can put oxygen into blood and take carbon dioxide from blood. Respiratory system has lungs, trachea, larynx, and nose.
Body systems {sensory system}| can respond to stimuli and pass signals to nervous system. Sensory system has eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin receptors, and ligament and muscle receptors.
Body systems {skeletal system}| can support and shape body, hold organs, and anchor muscles. Skeletal system has bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and fibrous connective tissue.
Body systems {circulatory system} {vascular system}| can transport nutrients and oxygen and remove waste products. Circulatory system has blood vessels, lymph vessels, spleen, and heart.
Body systems {reproductive system}| can produce gametes and provide gamete-union methods. Reproductive system has testes, ovary, fallopian tube, penis, uterus, and vagina. Reproductive systems can produce new individuals from one parent, in asexual reproduction, or two parents, in sexual reproduction.
Animals can lay eggs {oviparous}|.
Some reptiles hatch eggs inside body {ovoviparous}|.
Animals can bear live young {viviparous}|.
Outline of Knowledge Database Home Page
Description of Outline of Knowledge Database
Date Modified: 2022.0225